Private Institutions vs. Public Institutions Research Paper

Private Institutions vs. Public Institutions - Research Paper Example This report declares that sociology of education helps in understanding the entire education system, finding the strengths and weaknesses. In order to do proper formulation of guidelines and planning of a viable system to perfectly suit man and society. Sociology of education places the teacher in a better position of understanding social issues and their related problems in relation to the schooling environment thus enabling the teacher to relate morally, ethically and professionally. In other words, it gives the teacher in depth understanding of the student cultural background and socio-cultural setup, hence helping them to understand it better themselves. This paper discusses that education is a formal process through which society willingly passes down accumulated customs, values, skills, and knowledge from generation to generation. In light with this notion about education, there are many functions connected to its necessity hence its core basis. Some of the outlined objectives of education thus include development of value and attitudes. The basis of any society is inclined on its values whether social, cultural or political. These values act as the pillars on which the society’s stability rests upon. For this value to be existent, it calls for personal/individual orientation. Education through any of its institutional setups is formulated to create an environment geared towards the achievement of social integration. Individuals in school setups are drawn from different social backgrounds. In order for the school to function as a system, it calls for shedding of the self to allow for the inclusion of the â€Å"othernessâ₠¬ . By this, therefore, we mean that a much as one will hold unto individuality, individualism has to be suppressed if the school has to operate as a joint. The education, therefore, is designed to instill interrelation ability and foster national unity, despite the existing diversity among students in terms of class, race and gender. One of the many objectives of education is to foster a country’s national development and propagate its economic growth. In order for this to be realized, it follows that individuals ought to understand their obligation in relation to their contribution to this goal. Education enhances the achievement of this objective through two major ways: firstly, through education, on is able to know and understand the main pillars of economic development. By so doing, the system thus helps an individual to strategically, position himself or herself in carrying out this function. Secondly, education helps in shaping up people to act as tools of development . This is to say that educated people understand best about what to do, how to do it, where and when to perform the specified duties as expected

Young Girls Gone Wild Essay Example for Free

Young Girls Gone Wild Essay A crowd of young girls watched in awe when the lives of people in their town were cut short as they hanged, lifeless and cold their feet dangling just feet above the ground. One young lady was even smirking at the horrid sight as she came to realize her extreme actions had paid off. This young lady was Abigail Williams. Abigail was a 17 year-old girl. Through Abigail Williams a girl in The Crucible, the author, Arthur Miller describes his perception of young females during the time of the Salem Witch Trials making them out to be selfish, attention seeking, and manipulative individuals who are willing to go to great lengths to get what they want. Whether it be dancing around a fire, accusing others of witch craft, or inflicting self-harm, Abigail’s outrageous actions would were a major contribution to the chaos in the town of Salem. There are many different events in the play that show how teenage girls act during the time of the Salem Witch Trials. But all the chaos in the town of Salem seemed to have started with a few young girls. One particular young lady that comes to mind is Abigail Williams. She went against the rules of the town and was caught dancing and singing in the woods, which was thought to be extremely bad during this time. It all began when Abby cried out â€Å"I saw Sara good with the devil! I saw goody Osborn with the devil, I saw Bridget Bishop with the devil!† (Miller 1235). Abby’s claims along with some other odd events sent the town into complete pandemonium. Abby’s questionable actions; dancing, singing, accusing others of witch craft, give the reader room to make assumptions about the characteristics of adolescent girls right from the start of the play. A specific event took place later act in act one. There had always been tension between Abby and Elizabeth. Elizabeth was the wife of John Proctor and had been suspicious of the relationship between Abby and John for some time. After a scandalous conversation took place involving John and Abby, and more and more people started being accused, Elizabeth began to come to conclusions abo ut the real motive behind all the accusations. When speaking with her husband about Abby’s intentions, Elizabeth explains to Mr. Proctor,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"She wants me dead John, and you know it† (Miller 1240). Elizabeth has no doubts in her mind regarding Abigail’s ill intentions. She knows that Abby would be willing to take extreme actions to replace her as Mr. Proctor’s wife. At this point in the play Elizabeth looks to prove to John that the young 17 year-old girl was out to get her. This is just another way Arthur Miller coveys his thoughts about young women during this period of time, it shows Abby as self-centered and crazy. At the end of Act II, Elizabeth’s greatest fear had become true; she had been arrested for witch craft because of a claim made by Abigail Williams. At the beginning of the act Marry Warren has a poppet, which is a term for a handmade doll and hands it over to Abby. For Abby, this was the perfect opportunity to set up Elizabeth due to the fact that Marry Warren lives with the Proctor Family. When Marry isn’t looking Abby sticks a needle in the poppet and leaves it in the Proctor house. Just moments later Hale comes forward with shocking news that â€Å"Abigail were stabbed tonight, a needle was found stuck in her belly† (Miller 1246). Later the needle is found in the Poppet at the Proctor house giving strong evidence to Abby’s claim, that Elizabeth stabbed her. Clearly Abby was plotting the arrest of Goody Proctor and she went as far as stabbing herself to get Elizabeth in trouble. Even an online source can agree that the message Miller is sending about young women is anything but positive, writers of an online article say â€Å"Abigail’s cunning is shown again in Act II when she frames Elizabeth Proctor for witch craft. Later in Act III she even accuses Proctor who she claims to love†(Shmoop). Although Abby is willing to justify stabbing her own self to be with Proctor, she still is quick to accuse him. This makes it clear that nothing was going to stop Abby from getting what she wanted. This quote also makes her sound delusional because she was okay with harming someone that she claimed to love. This is just another strong piece of evidence to prove the Arthur thought of young women as manip ulative. As the play goes on Miller continues to convey his opinions or gender bias through Abby Williams. Different events continued to take place bringing the teenage girls into the spotlight. They seemed to be the center of attention for various reasons, but this did not seem to bother them in the least. Abby bring drama to the town once again as she cries out to the court room, â€Å"I have been near murdered every day because I had done my duty pointing out the devils people-and this is my  reward? To be mistrusted, denied, and questioned like-â€Å" (Miller 1258). Abby is yet again playing the role of the victim. The people in the court start to become more aware of her vindictive behavior. She seems to always worry about herself which again, proves that Miller was trying to convey that young women were self-centered and manipulative. Toward the end of the play Abby began to realize that people were starting to catch onto her devious ways. Miller revealed â€Å"Abigail stole much of her uncle’s money in hopes of escaping with Proctor† (Slader). The online source was describing her selfish ways by Abby taking a huge portion of her Uncles money, who had raised her, her entire life, to save her own self. This is just another quote that justifies Millers point of view of girls during the Salem Witch Trials. They were manipulative, self-centered, and crazy. There is no denying the way Miller felt about young teenage girls in Salem in the late 1600’s. His perspective on adolescent females during this time is clearly displayed through the character Abigail Williams. There are many pieces of strong evidence to support the claim of Millers gender bias and the actions Abigail takes are proof that the girls were manipulative, self-centered, and attention seeking.

An investigation in the phenomenon of humour

An investigation in the phenomenon of humour Humor is a universal phenomenon which shows in the tribal and industrialized societies (Apte, 1985). In the Oxford English Dictionary, humor is defined as that quality of actions, speech, or writing which excites amusement; oddity, jocularity, facetiousness, comicality, fun (Simpson Weiner, 1989). From the psychology perspective, humor is stated as a cognitive, emotional and motivational stance toward incongruity, as inherent in funny artifacts, but also in inadvertently amusing situation, our fellow behaviour and attitudes, in fate and life and human nature and existence in general (Ruch, 2002). The term sense of humor will be more specific which refer to a personality trait or individual-differences variable (Ruch, 1998). In addition, Schmidt-Hidding (1963) and Ruch (1998) pointed out that humor has changed rapidly throughout history and during different epochs which has been viewed as predominant mood, talent virtue, style, philosophical attitude or world view. According to Marti n, Puhlik-Doris, Larsen, Gray and Weir (2003), the different facets of sense of humour lend themselves to different measurement approaches, including maximal performance tests (eg. Humour as cognitive ability), funniest ratings (eg. Humour as aesthetic response), observer ratings and self-reported scale. Furthermore, Tamaoka Takashima (1994) stated that humor actually is grounded in a cultural and social context as understanding humor should requires some knowledge of the language which humor was written. From past research, humor is often to be tested in different dimensions which include how it deals with stress and depression (Thornson, Powell, Sarmany-Schuller Hampes, 1997). Lefcourt (2001) stated that people with great sense of humor are easily get well with others, have better ability to cope with stress and also have a better mental and physical health. Martin (2000) explained that humor has become a broad and multi-faceted construct in current psychological research which refers to mental processing in creating, perceiving, understanding and appreciating humor, to characteristics of a stimulus or to the responses of the individual. Nowadays, there are lots of approaches to measure humor, which includes the self-report scales, ability tests, behavioural observation techniques and human appreciation measures. Among all the measurements, there are a few well-known measurements which are frequently used by researchers in their studies. These measurements include Coping Humor Scale (CHS; Matin Lefcourt, 1983), Situational Humor Response Questionnaire (SHRQ; Matin Lefcourt, 1984), The Sense of Humor Questionnaire (SHQ; Svebak, 1974), Multidimensional Sense of Humor (MHSH; Thorson Powell, 1993), and Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ; Martin, Puhlik-Doris, Gray Weir, 2003). Coping Humor Scale was a 7 items scale which designed to report individuals on the humor in coping with stress and the association between sense of humor and both mental and physical health. Besides that, Coping Humour Scale inquires participants used humour to alter difficult situation (Ruch, 1998). Following that, Situational Humor Response Questionnaire was a 21 items scale which has been used in research on sense of humor as a stress-moderator and also the association between sense of humor and both mental and physical health. Thorson (1990) critic SHRQ is a measurement that defines sense of humor purely in terms of laughter frequency. Kuiper and Martin (1993) stated that individuals who score higher marks in both the Coping humour Scale and Situational Humour Response Questionnaire had higher level of self esteem, less discrepancy between their actual and ideal self-concepts, and greater stability in their self concepts over time. Sense of Humor Questionnaire was a 21 items measured with 3 dimensions (Metamessage sensitivity, liking of humor, and emotional expressiveness. SHQ used for investigating relationship between sense of humor and other personality dimensions as well as measures of psychological and physical health and well being. Then, Multidimensional Sense of Humor Scale was a 24 items scale with 4 factors (humor creativity and uses of humor for social purposes, uses of coping humor, appreciation of humorous people and appreciation of humor) comparing groups on sense of humor for determining correlates between sense of humor and other personality variables. Humor Styles Questionnaire was a 32 items scale which used to measure 4 humor styles (affiliative, self-enhancing, aggressive and self-defending) in accessing both positive and negative styles of humor in correlational research on the role of humor in psychological and physical health, etc. Lefcourt (2001) described that humor has always been found to occur in everyone across many different cultures around the world. Three different categories of research area in cross cultural differences or national differences in humor were suggested by Goldstein (1976): cross cultural comparisons, cross national replications, and intracultural research of Western and non-Western cultures. Other than that, Nevo, Nevo Yin (2001) stated that cross cultural studies are valuable because they help assess the generality of empirical phenomena and highlights the effects of specific cultural influences which show in Castell and Goldstein (1976) research. They compared different culture group like Belgium, Hong Kong and US, and found out that US unlike others nations, they preferred jokes which related to sexual and aggressive content. In addition, humor tends to be interpreting in different way by various cultures which results of cultural and linguistics differences (Thorson, Brdar and Pow ell, 1997). Besides that, Hofstede (1983) found out that cultures could be differentiated on two dimensions: individualism-collectivism andpower-distance. There are several studies using Multidimensional Sense of Humor to measures humor in cultural differences with the finding which culture score higher in creativity. In Nevo, Nevo Yin (2001) studies, there is a significant cross cultural difference found in the structured questionnaires was the tendency of Singaporean students to rely less on humor when coping with difficulty which concludes (Crawford Gressley, 1991) that they are tendency to produce humor rather than to appreciate it. The relationship of humor and gender are being discussed over year and year. According to Lampert Tripp (1998), men are more likely to joke, tease and kid, whereas women are more likely to act as an appreciative audience than to produce humor of their own. Powell, Sarmany-Schuller and Hampes (1997) stated that there are pretty much gender neutral in using the MSHS questionnaire, however, there are still some differences between male and women in the sense of humor. A past research which done by Thorson and Powell (1996) using the MSHS questionnaires showing that males tended to respond with higher score on the humor production and the social uses of humor, while woman respond with higher score in the coping mechanism. The study of Ho Chik (2010) have examines there is a gender differences in association with the moderating effects of coping humor on environmental mastery. The present study is interested in investigating the humour responses in both Malaysian and British cultures, cross gender comparison and also the interaction between the culture differences and the gender in humour. There are few studies in humour using Western countries culture like British, Canadian and Eastern countries culture such as Singaporean, Hong Konger and Japanese but they arent studies done on Malaysian humour. There wasnt any research have been done between Malaysian and British but there were researches done between western and eastern culture which the hypothesis was made accordingly to the results done by previous cultural studies. In the support of the past research, two hypotheses were made for this study. The first hypothesis were that male participants will be more humorous than female which based on the finding of past research like Thornson Powell (1996) which shows men will score higher in the humour production and humour creativity of Multidimensional Sense of Humour Scale. Additionally, the second hypothesis was British tend to be funnier, hilarious comparing to Malaysian due to the cultural differences. Acordingly to the studies of humour in most of the eastern culture showed that they are not humourous as western cultures because of their own cultural bias. Method Participants There were 100 participants (28 female Malaysian, 28 male Malaysian, 22 female British, 22 male British) were recruited for this study. 75% of British and Malaysian participants were recruited Middlesex University and Malaysia, the remaining 25% were recruited through email within Middlesex database and Malaysias friends. All the participants were required to respond to a demographic form and 4 sets of questionnaires (Coping Humour Scale, Situational Humour Response Questionnaire, Multidimensional Sense of Humour Scale, Humour Scale Questionnaire). For this experiment, participants were between 16 to 57 years of age, the average mean of the age was 24.44 (SD= 6.76). All of them were English literate, able to do their questionnaire without others help. Design The present study carried out had an independent groups design. There were two independent variables which the first independent variable was the nationality of the participants and the second independent variable was the gender of the participants. The dependant variables are participants humour responses, which measured through 4 sets of questionnaires. These dependent variables include the Coping Humour Scale questionnaires, Situational Humour Responses Questionnaires, the affiliative humour, self-enhancing humour, aggressive humour and self-defeating humour of Humour Scale Questionnaires, the humour creativity, coping humour, attitude towards humorous people and facility of social uses of humour of Multidimensional Sense of Humour Scale. Materials Participants are required to complete a demographical form with few questions, eg.Gender, nationality, age etc. (appendix 3) and 4 sets of Humour questionnaires which they were Coping Humour Scale (appendix 4), Situational Humour Response Questionnaire (appendix 5), Multidimensional Sense of Humour (appendix 6), and Humour Styles Questionnaire (appendix 7). The Coping Humour Scale (CHS; Martin Lefcourt, 1983) is a 7-item scale which designed to measure participants tendency to make use of humour as a strategy for coping with stress and also the association between sense of humor and both mental and physical health. The CHS (Coping Humour Scale) is a 4-point Likert scale which ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (4). Eg 1. extract from appendix 4 Strongly disagree Mildly disagree Mildly agree Strongly agree 1. I often lose my sense of humour when I am having problems. 2. I have often found that my problems have been greatly reduced when I try to find something funny in them. Example 1 The Situational Humour Response Questionnaire (SHRQ; Martin Lefcourt, 1984) is designed to assess participants sense of humour as the tendency to laugh and smile in a wide range of situations. The SHRQ includes 18 situational items that describe a possible life situation. Participants were asked to respond to the situation by imaging or recalling it, which they could be as irritating or they might be amusing. These questionnaires will be rated in a 5-point Guttman-type scale ranging from I wouldnt have found it particularly amusing (1) to I would have laughed heartily (5) (Martin 2006). Besides that, Martin (2006) also explain that the SHRQ correlated significantly with peer ratings of participants laughter, and tendency to use humour in stressful situations . Eg 2. Extract from appendix 5. 1. If you were shopping by yourself in a distant city and you unexpectedly saw an acquaintance from school (or work), how have you responded or how would you respond? (a.) I would probably not have bothered to speak to the person (b.)I would have talked to the person but wouldnt have shown much humor (c.) I would have found something to smile about in talking with him or her (d.)I would have found something to laugh about with this person (e.) I would have laughed heartily with the person Example 2 Humour Style Questionnaires (HSQ; Martin, Puhlik-Doris, Gray Weir, 2003) is a 32 items scale which consists of 4 humour style (each humour style contains of 8 items). The four humour style includes affiliative humour ( I enjoy making people laugh), self-enhancing humour (If I am feeling depressed, I can usually cheer myself up with humour), aggressive humour (if someone make mistake, I will often tease them about it) and finally the self-defeating humour (I let people laugh at me or make fun at my expense more than I should). Humour Style Questionnaires consists of 21 positively- phrased item and 11 negatively-phrased items which the 11 negatively-phrased items will be reversed in scoring. All questions are answered by participants on a seven-point scale ranging from totally disagree (1) to totally agree (7). Eg 4. Extract from appendix 7 Totally Disagree = 1 Moderately Disagree = 2 Slightly Disagree = 3 Neither Agree nor Disagree = 4 Slightly Agree = 5 Moderately Agree = 6 Totally Agree = 7 1. ______ I usually dont laugh or joke around much with other people. 2. ______ If I am feeling depressed, I can usually cheer myself up with humor. Example 4 The Multidimensional Sense of Humour Scale (MHSH; Thorson Powell, 1993) contains 24 self descriptive Likert item testing for the four factors which assess individual aspects of the sense of humour. These four factors includes humour creativity (sometimes I think up jokes and funny stories), use of humour as a coping mechanism (Uses of humour help to put me at ease), attitudes towards humour itself (people who tell jokes are a pain in the neck) and appreciation of humour (I appreciate those who generate humour). Multidimensional Sense of Humour Scale consist of 18 positively- phrased item and 6 negatively-phrased item. The 6 negatively-phrased items are reversed in scoring. In this questionnaire, participants with higer scores indicate higher sense of humour (Thorson, Powell and Samuel, 2001). Participants were required to indicate their choices on every question on a Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). Eg3.extract from appendix 6 Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 1. I can often crack people up with the things I say. 1 2 3 4 5 2. Other people tell me that I say funny things. 1 2 3 4 5 Example 3 Procedure Participants were invited to participant in the study as they will be given an information sheet (appendix 1) which explained about the study. After finished reading the information sheet, they will be given the informed consent form (appendix 2) to sign if they willing to participate the experiment. After signing the consent form, they will require to fill in the demographic form (appendix 3) which consists of gender, age, nationality etc. Then, four sets of questionnaires which include the Multidimensional Sense of Humour Questionnaire, Humour Styles Questionnaire, Coping Humour Scale and Situational Humour Response Questionnaire will be given to them to fill in. After finishing all the questionnaires, participants were given a debriefing sheet (Appendix 8) and dismissed from the study. For participants recruited through email, they had also received the information sheet by email before they agreed to do the experiment. Then, they will receive a consent form to sign and together with the demographic form and four sets of questionnaires to fill in. After finished filling in all the answer, the consent form, demographic form and four sets of questionnaires will be given back through email. After receiving the questionnaires set, a debriefing sheet will be emailed to them. Results Descriptive statistics The means and standard deviations (S.D) for each of the measures are shown in table one to table two, by splitting gender (male, female) and nationality (British, Malaysian) respectively. From the table 1 shown below, British male had higher mean than Malaysian Male in all of the measures except Coping Humour scale. In the other hand, Malaysian female had higher mean compare to the British Female except Multidimensional sense of Humour Sense which shown in table 2. To be more specified, descriptive tables for both four subscale of Humour Style Questionnaires and Multidimensional Sense of Humour Scale are shown in table three to table six. The Mean and Standard Deviation (S.D) of the dependent variables of Male Participants (50) were shown below as table 1. British Male Sample size = 22 Malaysian Male sample size= 28 Total Sample size =50 Mean S.D Mean S.D Mean S.D Coping Humour Scale 2.89 0.43 2.96 0.40 Situational Humour Response Questionnaire 2.70 0.62 2.47 0.45 Humour Style Questionnaire 5.44 4.33 4.09 0.50 Multidimensional sense of Humour Sense 4.01 3.17 3.22 0.24 Table 1 The Mean and Standard Deviation (S.D) of the dependent variables of Female Participants (50) were shown below as table 2. British Female Sample size = 22 Malaysian Female sample size= 28 Total Sample size =50 Mean S.D Mean S.D Mean S.D Coping Humour Scale 2.60 0.37 2.90 0.32 Situational Humour Response Questionnaire 2.34 0.43 2.46 0.39 Humor Style Questionnaire 4.05 0.46 4.09 0.67 Multidimensional sense of Humour Sense 3.30 0.29 3.16 0.26 Table 2 The Mean and Standard Deviation (S.D) of the Humour Style Questionnaires sub-factors (dependent variables) of Female Participants (50) were shown below as table 3. Humor Style Questionnaire British Male Sample size = 22 Malaysian Male sample size= 28 Total Sample size =50 Mean S.D Mean S.D Mean S.D Affiliative humour (HSQ) 5.41 1.23 5.18 0.79 5.29 1.00 Self-enhancing humour (HSQ) 4.70 1.10 4.00 0.89 4.28 1.04 Aggressive humour (HSQ) 3.50 1.04 3.50 0.68 3.49 0.85 Self-defeating humour (HSQ) 3.75 1.03 3.73 0.86 3.74 0.93 Table 3 The Mean and Standard Deviation (S.D) of the Humour Style Questionnaires sub-factors (dependent variables) of Female Participants (50) were shown below as table 4. Humor Style Questionnaire British Female Sample size = 22 Malaysian Female sample size= 28 Total Sample size =50 Mean S.D Mean S.D Mean S.D Affiliative humour (HSQ) 5.58 0.96 5.28 0.82 5.41 0.89 Self-enhancing humour (HSQ) 4.05 0.82 3.88 0.77 4.00 0.79 Aggressive humour (HSQ) 3.55 0.83 3.47 0.71 3.50 0.76 Self-defeating humour (HSQ) 3.03 0.90 3.72 1.05 3.42 1.04 Table 4 The Mean and Standard Deviation (S.D) of the Multidimensional Sense of Humour Scale Questionnaires sub-factors (dependent variables) of Male Participants (50) were shown below as table 5. Multidimensional Sense of Humour Scale British Male Sample size = 22 Malaysian Male sample size= 28 Total Sample size=50 Mean S.D Mean S.D Mean S.D Humour creativity 3.48 0.94 3.49 0.61 3.46 0.76 Coping humour 3.63 0.48 3.62 0.51 3.62 0.49 Attitude towards humorous people 3.89 0.65 3.91 0.55 3.90 0.59 Appreciation of humour 4.25 0.65 4.29 0.63 4.27 0.63 Table 5 The Mean and Standard Deviation (S.D) of the Multidimensional Sense of Humour Scale Questionnaires sub-factors (dependent variables) of Female Participants (50) were shown below as table 6. Multidimensional Sense of Humour Scale British Females Sample size = 22 Malaysian Females sample size= 28 Total Sample size= 50 Mean S.D Mean S.D Mean S.D Humour creativity 3.36 0.61 3.32 0.76 3.29 0.70 Coping humour 3.56 0.67 3.53 0.43 3.54 0.54 Attitude towards humorous people 4.31 0.63 3.95 0.72 4.11 0.70 Appreciation of humour 4.57 0.44 4.52 0.59 4.54 0.52 Table 6 Factor Analysis Factor analysis was carried out in order to test the validity of the sub-scales in two measures (Humour Style Questionnaires and Multidimensional Sense of Humour Scale). It was expected that the four factors of each measure would emerge from this analysis. Both Humour Style Questionnaires and Multidimensional Sense of Humour Scale used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as the analysis. Table seven and table eight showed both of the results of the PCA of Humour Style Questionnaires and Multidimensional Sense of Humour Scale using the Varimax rotation and Kaiser-Meyer-Oblin test. The results showed that the expected factors loading in previous studies did not emerge from the current sample. For the Humour Style Questionnaires, five items (questions 6, 22, 26, 27, 28) load in different factors comparing to Martins (2003) original questionnaires, which looks a bit confusing. In addition, four items (questions 7, 13, 16, 30) did not load significantly (at above .3), therefore, there were excluded from the tables 7. For the Multidimensional Sense of Humour Scale, table 8 showed messy values load in each factors. Two factors can not be identified due to the messy items comparing with Thornson Powells (1993) original scale. Only one item did not load significantly (at above .3) on any factors. The overall results of the factor analysis were not satisfied, because the analysis came out in a mess. One of the reasons which contribute the following table 7 and table 8 might because of the small sample size (100) comparing with the large sample size (>1000) in Martins (2003) and Thornson Powells (1993) studies. Therefore, the following reliability test and ANOVA will adopt past researchs scale. Table 7: Factor loadings of the 32 items of Humour Style Questionnaires (Principal Componenet Analysis using Varimax Rotation, N=100) Items Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 I usually dont like to tell jokes or amuse people. .765 I dont often joke around with my friends. .711 I usually dont laugh or joke around much with other people. .654 I enjoy making people laugh. .650 I usually cant think of witty things to say when I m with other people. .640 Even when Im by myself, Im often amused by the absurdities of life. .564 I rarely make other people laugh by telling funny stories about myself. .557 I dont have to work very hard at making other people laugh I seem to be a naturally humorous person. .468 I often go overboard in putting myself down when I am making jokes or trying to be funny .767 Letting others laugh at me is my way of keeping my friends and family in good spirits. .716 I often try to make people like or accept me more by saying something funny about my own weaknesses, blunders, or faults. .618 I will often get carried away in putting myself down if it makes my family or friends laugh. .598 If I dont like someone, I often use humor or teasing to put them down .554 I let people laugh at me or make fun at my expense more than I should .517 When I am with friends or family, I often seem to be the one that other people make fun of or joke about. .479 It is my experience that thinking about some amusing aspect of a situation is often a very effective way of coping with problems. .391 -.311 If I am feeling upset or unhappy I usually try to think of something funny about the situation to make myself feel better. .775 If Im by myself and Im feeling unhappy, I make an effort to think of something funny to cheer myself up. .755 If I am feeling depressed, I can usually cheer myself up with humor. .703 My humorous outlook on life keeps me from getting overly upset or depressed about things. .357 .322 .360 If I am having problems or feeling unhappy, I often cover it up by joking around, so that even my closest friends dont know how I really feel. .344 I do not like it when people use humor as a way of criticizing or putting someone down. .654 If I am feeling sad or upset, I usually lose my sense of humor. .393 .579 Even if something is really funny to me, I will not laugh or joke about it if someone will be offended .506 If someone makes a mistake, I will often tease them about it. .487 Sometimes I think of something that is so funny that I cant stop myself from saying it, even if it is not appropriate for the situation. .443 I never participate in laughing at others even if all my friends are doing it. -.334 .336 Eigenvalue 4.73 3.21 2.41 2.02 % of Variance 14.80 10.04 7.53 6.34 * Only Coefficient above .3 were shown Table 8: Factor loadings of the 24 items of Multidimensional Sense of Humour Scale (Principal Componenet Analysis using Varimax Rotation, N=100) Items Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 I can say things in such a way as to make people laugh. .837 Other people tell me that I say funny things. .825 Im confident that I can make other people laugh .793 My clever sayings amuse others. .785 I use humour to entertain my friends .779 Im regarded as something of a wit by my friends. .779 People look to me to say amusing things .773 I can often crack people up with the things I say. .755 Sometimes I think up jokes or funny stories .699 I can actually have some control over a group by my uses of humour .643 .324 I can use wit to help adapt to many situations. .545 .337 Trying to master situations through uses of humour is really dumb. .704 .333 Humour is a lousy coping mechanism .697 Calling somebody a comedian is a real insult. .695 I like a good joke .592 People who tell jokes are a pain in the neck. .581 Humour helps me cope .814 Uses of wit or humour help me master difficult situations .798 Coping by using humour is an elegant way of adapting. .750 I appreciate those who generate humour .774 Uses of humour to put me at ease. .523 .641 I dislike comics .566 Im uncomfortable when everyone is cracking jokes .372 .447 Eigenvalue 6.67 3.41 2.26 1.13 % of Variance 27.82 14.19 9.40 5.61 * Only Coefficient above .3 were shown Reliability Test The internal consistencies (Cronbach Alpha) were run in order to check the reliability of the test. The Cronbach Alpha for the Coping Humour Scale was low, .50 but still acceptable and it was lower than the value .61 found in Martin and Lefecourts (1983) studies in Canada. The corrected item-total correlation for the 7 item of Coping Humour Scale fall between .199 to .483, with an exception of Item 1 ( I often lose my sense of humour when I am having problems), which the corrected item-total correlation was -.22. This means that item 1 is not consistent with other items, if item 1 was deleted, the Cronbach Alpha of Coping Humour Scale will become .58, higher than current value .50. The Cronbach Alpha of the Situational Humour Response Questionnaire was high, .78 which was a reliable measure although it only consists of 18 items comparing to 21 items. The corrected item-total correlation for the 18 items of Situational Humour Response Questionnaire falls between .151 and .519. Given its comparability to previous study of 21 items, Cronbach Alpha ranging from .70 to .85 and test-retest correlation of around .70 was presented (Lefcourt Martin, 1986; Martin Lefcourt, 1984). The Cronbach Alphas of the four sub-scales (affiliative humour, self-enhancing humour, aggressive humour and self-defeating humour) of the Humor Style Questionnaire were .77, .68, .47 and .69 respectively. The Cronbach alpha of aggressive humour was low .47, if the item 27 (If I dont like someone, I often use humor or teasing to put them down) was deleted, the Cronbach alpha will rise to an acceptable value .50. Comparing with Martin, Puhlik-Doris, Gray and Weirs research(2002), reliabilit

Revengeful Justice in William Shakespeares Hamlet :: William Shakespeare Hamlet Revenge Essays

Revengeful Justice in William Shakespeare's Hamlet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hamlet's motives rally between those of both revenge and justice, and it becomes this internal conflict which sets the pace of events throughout Shakespeare's entire play. Revenge serves Hamlet as his initial goal in the pursuit for vindication of his father's death. Soliloquy later reveals Hamlet's torn sensibility and care for justice, which decelerates his ability to proceed in action against Claudius. Not until Hamlet confronts his own procrastination, does the inaction cease. Hamlet defeats his inner struggle by melding opposing forces and internally justifying revenge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hamlet does not initially have a strong enough will to act solely on revenge. Even though Hamlet had proclaimed that he would be "swift" and "sweep to my revenge,"In the "rogue and peasant slave" soliloquy, Hamlet admits that he has been "unpregnant of my cause" and wonders whether he is a "coward". Not until Hamlet becomes completely fed up with his own inaction, does he finally examine the guilt of Claudius. However this task is thwarted when Hamlet witnesses Claudius praying. His will is rationalized by the notion that Claudius' soul might escape eternal damnation. Hamlet finally address his "dull revenge" in his climactic soliloquy admitting," I do not know/ Why yet I live to say This thing's to do/ Sith I have cause and will and strength and means/ To do't" Here Hamlet finally swears against his previous inaction "O! From this time forth,/ My thoughts be bloody or be nothing worth"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hamlet's overly intellectual mind inhibits him from taking decisive action and he concedes this in two very important soliloquies . First in the "To be or not to be" soliloquy, Hamlet concludes, "Thus conscience does make cowards of us all/ And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied over with the pale cast of thought" While being exiled to England, hamlet thinks his procrastination is a result of " some craven scruple/ Of thinking too precisely on the event" His insightful mind examines his problems to such an extent that it creates dilemmas rather than solving them.

Compare and Contrast Poems by John Donne and Michael Drayton Essay

The poem, To his coy mistress is very much Carpe Diem but the poet Andrew Marvell who wrote it was influenced by both Metaphysical and Classical types of poetry, the way in the beginning of the poem he seems to talk about things in a very slow way, walking, time slowing down to try to woe the women in a much quicker, the poem also shows a lot of Petrachan influences as when Andrew Marvell says ‘Thine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze’ and ‘Thy beauty shall no more be found’. The poem is very much more in use of words that show the women in which the poem is talking about as being a goddess as I said earlier; this seems to play a large part in the poem. poem which is also very Carpe Diem is, to the virgins, to make much of time, this poem uses irregular (starvea) stress’ and unstressed’ words, but does have a regular amount of feet throughout the poem. The poem The Flea is very different to the other two before, it is a metaphysical poem which is much more interesting, it uses a much more dialectic view of wooing a women. It uses the fact that as a flea has bitten both the poet and the women of whom he is in love with, that it means that there are three lives all together in one and that him and his love almost ‘more than maryed are’. The structure of the poem uses the end of each paragraph as a conclusion for what it has just been stating. The poem uses imagery as it describes the two lovers together in the Flea with its dark walls of ‘Jet’ referring to the colour jet black as there is no light in the Flea. At the end of the poem it shows that the women is wanting to kill the flea and he is comparing himself to the flea and saying that the flea is innocent because all it has done is take a tiny prick of blood from her and is it really worth the fleas life. The poet is using the idea of persuasion on the women by using the flea as an example. When it comes to the conclusion of the last paragraph it shows the poet’s persuasion again for that by the women killing the flea it has taken a small bit of life away rom her as it bit her and took some of her blood. The poet is much more different to the previous poets also as his persuasion has much more of a point to it, and uses a more intelligent argument against the women. The next poem was Song. To Celia, this is a classical poem which emphasises carpe diem is interesting. The poem is not in a common dialectic structure, it does have a felling that the poem is mainly based on the, fast, quick, instant love at the start of the poem. The poem involves a very large part at the end of an affair scene where Ben Johnson writes ‘Of a few household spies? Or his easier ears beguile,’ this is speaking about the servants of the house in which the women which the man is involved with stays at, that they will only have to trick the servants from seeing them together. The structure of the poem is done using rhyming couplets and a trochaic tetrameter, the poem can be related to, to his Coy Mistress as it is also Carpe Diem. The poem, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love; this poem is a very stereotypical one as it portrays an idealised view of the country, it shows a much pastured view of the countryside. The poem is trochaic and it keeps a steady a,a,b,b pattern. The poet obviously did not have any view of the country and was probably a city person. The poem speaks about him and his love being whisked away into the countryside to live there in peace, with beds of roses for his love. The view of country is very much like a place that would be very hard to find in life; it is a much idealised view. The poem Sonnet is a very strange one; it does not have a set pattern for its rhythm and is very staggered. It involves the poet explaining all the different ways in which he loves the women in speaking. It uses classical influences with the poem having no persuasive felling to it. The poet uses Petrachan factors as the poet says about he loves all the aspects of the women, her breath, loving her freely, and purely.

Interlanguage Definition and Examples

Interlanguage Definition and Examples Interlanguage is the type of language or linguistic system used by second- and foreign-language learners who are in the process of learning a target language. Interlanguage pragmatics is the study of the ways non-native speakers acquire, comprehend, and use linguistic patterns or speech acts in a second language. Interlanguage theory is generally credited to Larry Selinker, an American professor of applied linguistics whose article Interlanguage appeared in the January 1972 issue of the journal International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching. Examples and Observations [Interlanguage] reflects the learners evolving system of rules, and results from a variety of processes, including the influence of the first language (transfer), contrastive interference from the target language, and the overgeneralization of newly encountered rules. (David Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics) Fossilization The process of learning a second language (L2) is characteristically non-linear and fragmentary, marked by a mixed landscape of rapid progression in certain areas but slow movement, incubation, or even permanent stagnation in others. Such a process results in a linguistic system known as interlanguage (Selinker, 1972), which, to varying degrees, approximates that of the target language (TL). In the earliest conception (Corder, 1967; Nemser, 1971; Selinker, 1972), interlanguage is metaphorically a halfway house between the first language (L1) and the TL, hence inter. The L1 is purportedly the source language that provides the initial building materials to be gradually blended with materials taken from the TL, resulting in new forms that are neither in the L1 nor in the TL. This conception, though lacking in sophistication in the view of many contemporary L2 researchers, identifies a defining characteristic of L2 learning, initially known as fossilization (Selinker, 1972) and later on broadly referred to as incompleteness (Schachter, 1988, 1996), relative to the ideal version of a monolingual native speaker. It has been claimed that the notion of fossilization is what spurs the field of second language acquisition (SLA) into existence (Han and Selinker, 2005; Long, 2003). Thus, a fundamental concern in L2 research has been that learners typically stop short of target-like attainment, i.e., the monolingual native speakers competence, in some or all linguistic domains, even in environments where input seems abundant, motivation appears strong, and opportunity for communicative practice is plentiful. (ZhaoHong Han, Interlanguage and Fossilization: Towards an Analytic Model in Contemporary Applied Linguistics: Language Teaching and Learning) Universal Grammar A number of researchers pointed out quite early on the need to consider interlanguage grammars in their own right with respect to principles and parameters of U[niversal] G[rammar], arguing that one should not compare L2 learners to native speakers of the L2 but instead consider whether interlanguage grammars are natural language systems (e.g., duPlessis et al., 1987; Finer and Broselow, 1986; Liceras, 1983; Martohardjono and Gair, 1993; Schwartz and Sprouse, 1994; White, 1992b). These authors have shown that L2 learners may arrive at representations which indeed account for the L2 input, though not in the same way as the grammar of a native speaker. The issue, then, is whether the interlanguage representation is a possible grammar, not whether it is identical to the L2 grammar. (Lydia White, On the Nature of Interlanguage Representation in The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition) Psycholinguistics [T]he significance of interlanguage theory lies in the fact that it is the first attempt to take into account the possibility of learner conscious attempts to control their learning. It was this view that initiated an expansion of research into psychological processes in interlanguage development whose aim was to determine what learners do in order to help facilitate their own learning, i.e., which learning strategies they employ (Griffiths Parr, 2001). It seems, however, that the research of Selinkers learning strategies, with the exception of transfer, has not been taken up by other researchers. (ViÃ… ¡nja PaviÄ ić TakaÄ , Vocabulary Learning Strategies and Foreign Language Acquisition)

Animal Farm Essay 11 Essays

Animal Farm Essay 11 Essays Animal Farm Essay 11 Essay Animal Farm Essay 11 Essay Essay Topic: Animal Farm Arguable Task Four: Written production essay Tina Youssef Book authors don’t just write texts for the benefit and pleasure to those who read it. However, they write texts to convey a particular message towards their intended audience. Through the use of certain themes which they construct, authors of texts are able to effectively develop these themes using the techniques of propaganda and the satirical and allegorical representations of certain characters. In the self-proclaimed novel, ‘Animal Farm’, the author George Orwell uses his allegorical farm to symbolise the communist system. Animal farm was published at the beginning of World War II, in England in 1945 and in the United States in 1946. George Orwell wrote the book during the war as a cautionary fable in order to expose the seriousness of the dangers posed by the totalitarian government. The novel ‘Animal Farm’ centres on a group of animals, who decide to fulfil Old Major’s dream of a rebellion and drive out Mr Jones, in an attempt to run the farm themselves with the pigs in control. Orwell personifies the animals in the tradition of the allegory so that they symbolise real historical figures. One of Orwell’s main messages is about how the ability to change and twist language can contribute to the abuse of power. Orwell effectively constructs this theme through the allegorical characterisations of the pigs, propaganda techniques and satire. In Animal Farm, the pigs gradually twist and distort their way into the minds of the other animals to justify their behaviours through the use of persuasive speeches which in turn are unanswerable and unarguable leaving them in the dark. Squealer, a strong-minded pig is well-known among the other animals. As one of the main allegorical characters in the novel, Orwell uses Squealer to criticize the dictators of the communist system. Like Stalin, he is able to persuade people to believe him willingly. Squealer is known to ‘turn black into white’, especially in his lively speeches where he is known to incorporate bad situations into good situations. The animals of the farm lovingly embrace Old Major’s dream to start a rebellion after Major dies. However, soon after his death, the pigs gradually twist his words of wisdom into words of the abuse of power. As a result, the animals are unable to oppose the strong words of the pigs; however they do not oppose the ideas of the rebellion. Squealers speech on milk and apples in particular is a great example of how the abuse of language contributes to the abuse of power. Squealer argues that the milk and apples must be taken to preserve their health, containing substances which are absolutely necessary for the well-being of a pig. The following major techniques of propaganda are successfully used in Squealers speech on milk and apples to persuade the animals to believe him including inclusive language, lying and identifying the enemy. Squealer uses the technique inclusive language in the quote ‘it is for your sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples’ (pg. 25). Here Squealer creates a sense of unity amongst the animals in the farm effectively explaining to them that most of the things they do is for their sake. Therefore, the animals are naive as they believe Squealer and the rest of the pigs health is dependent on them and so therefore they are willing to allow the pigs to preserve the milk and apples for themselves. The technique lying is used in the quote ‘you do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? (pg. 25). Here squealer insists that they are not preserving the milk and apples for themselves for the sake of selfishness and privilege when in actual fact, they are preserving the milk and apples for the sake of greed and to reduce the risk of starvation. The animals however, are too dumbfounded to easily notice this because of the w ay in which squealers ability to change and twist language controls them. Squealer further controls the animals by identifying their enemy ‘Jones’ in the quote ‘do you know what would happen if we pigs failed our duty? Jones would come back! (pg. 25). Here Squealer clearly identifies the enemy ‘Jones’ which the animals utterly dislike and will obey any orders from the pig’s so long as he does not return. Squealer again effectively dumbfounds the animals into thinking that if the milk and apples aren’t given to the pigs, then Jones will be back for sure. Orwell also develops the theme that the abuse of language can contribute to the abuse of power in another of Squealers speeches on Napoleons honourable leadership. Squealer argues that the animals should willingly accept the leadership qualities Napoleon controls them with and that they should be disciplined so that the wrong decisions aren’t made. The following major techniques of propaganda are successfully used in Squealers speech on the qualities of maintaining leadership to persuade the animals to believe him including inclusive language, scape goating and persuasive language. Squealer uses inclusive language in the quote ‘comrades, he said, one false step, and our enemies would be upon us. Surely comrades, you do not want Jones back? ’ (pg. 40) In Squealers dominating speech, he again creates a sense of unity with the animals on the farm and allows them to be positive and look forward and not feel powerless against Napoleon or Jones for that matter. The technique scape goating is used in the quote ‘snowball, who as we know, was no better than a criminal’ (pg. 41) Squealer has no proof that Snowball is a criminal and therefore blames all the problems and conflicts on Snowball, distracting the animals from much of the important issues at hand. Even when the farm animals point out that Snowball fought bravely in the ‘Battle of the Cowshed’, Squealers reply is too overpowering for the animals to say anything. This contributes to the way in which Squealer effectively changes and twists language to put himself in power. By using persuasive language in his speech ‘bravery is not enough, loyalty and disobedience are more important’ (pg. 41), Squealer is able to effectively persuade the animals to do what is right by napoleon and to take a certain position on the issue that loyalty and obedience are important when it comes to discipline. Orwell effectively develops the message that the abuse of language can contribute to the abuse of power through the use of allegorical character representations of Squealer as Stalin, who are both persuasive and strong-minded speakers and satirical representations to help explain that there are people in society who expose this abuse of language and manipulate others as an instrument of control to keep themselves in power. He makes us realise that we must take into account the sort of language that people twist to abuse power through their use of persuasive language, which in turn makes them more powerful. Therefore we should open up when we have a decent point to make which we know will change their way of speaking. From the very beginning of the novel, we become aware of educations role in stratifying animal farms population. This is another one of Orwell’s messages about how the ability of being intelligent and educated can later be used as tools of oppression. Orwell achieves this proposition through the characterisation of the pigs, propaganda techniques and the allegorical and satirical representations of characters, to symbolise the communist system and to allow us to realise that indeed communism is not equality. Following Major’s death, the pigs are the ones who take on the task of organising and mobilizing the others animals into doing what they want them to do because they are ‘generally realised as being the cleverest of the animals’ (pg. 35). At first the pigs are loyal to their fellow animals and to the rebellion cause. Faithfully, they translate Major’s vision into the ‘Seven Commandments of Animalism’. However, it is not long before the pig’s intelligence and education turn from tools of enlightenment to implements of oppression. Squealer represents the totalitarian government, a propaganda machine. Like Stalin, Squealer is a persuasive speaker and is able to manipulate the animals under his authority to do what he wants them to do, as a result, contributing to their own oppression. As persuasive and outspoken as he is, Squealer can make the animals believe almost anything in his way of ‘skipping from side to side and whisking his tail which was somehow very persuasive’ (pg. 11). This fact is especially clear in Squealers interactions with Clover and Muriel. Each time Clover suspects that the Seven Commandments have been changed; Squealer manages to convince her that she is wrong. Clover hears that the pigs not only take meals in the kitchen and use the drawing room as a recreation room, but sleep in the beds of the farm house. Thinking there is a definite rule against beds, she willingly asks Muriel to read her the fourth commandment which is changed from ‘No animal shall sleep in a bed’ to ‘No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets’. Soon enough Squealer explains to the animals that the pigs are officially allowed to sleep in the farmhouse beds. The following major techniques of propaganda are used in Squealers speech including inclusive language, identifying the enemy and lying. At the start of Squealers speech, he creates a sense of unity amongst the farm animals in the quote; ‘I can tell you, comrades, with all the brainwork we have to do nowadays. You would not rob us of our repose, would you comrades? ’ (pg. 50). Squealer distorts his way through the minds of the animals and makes them think that they are too grateful and would not go against the pigs sleeping in the beds of the farm house, seeing as it is worth the brainwork they incorporate into the lives of the animals. Just like in all of Squealers speeches, he identifies the enemy in the quote ‘surely none of you wishes to see Jones back? (pg. 50). Squealer knows how much the animals dislike Jones and will do anything for him not to come back. Hence, the reason Squealer incorporates the use of Jones to brainwash the animals minds into thinking that if the pigs don’t sleep on the farm house beds then Jones will be back for sure. Towards the end of the novel, the animals are completely brainwashed to question the authority of the pigs and so Squealer is able to trick the animals into thinking the fourth commandment hasn’t been changed when in actual fact it has. The technique lying is used in the quote ‘the rule was against sheets, which are a human invention’ (pg. 50). Squealer insists the fourth commandment is that ‘no animal shall sleep on beds with sheets’ which dumfounds the animals and makes them realise that they haven’t learnt the commandments right when in actual fact the commandment is changed without them knowing. Another example of the contribution of the manipulation of language in the novel is the maxim that replaces the seven commandments; ‘all animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others. pg. 97) The idea of ‘more equal’ is a senseless manipulation of language, but by this time, the animals are too brainwashed to notice. The idea that some animals are more equal than others is developed in the text; ‘it did not seem strange when napoleon was seen strolling in the farm house garden with a pipe in his mouth – no, not even when the pigs took Mr jon es clothes out of the wardrobes and put them on, napoleon himself appearing in a black coat, ratcatcher breeches and leather leggings†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢(pg. 98) Orwell effectively develops the message that those who are unable, or unwilling, to question authority, contribute to their own oppression through the use of the allegorical character representation of Squealer who like Stalin is a powerful and manipulative speaker, propaganda techniques and satire. Orwell makes us realise that both intelligence and education are extremely powerful tools of oppression and whilst also being an important part of life, they can contribute to the oppression of others’ lives. Through the use of these techniques, Orwell explains that there are some people in society, who expose their intelligence and education to their fullest extent to oppress others who they know, are not able to question authority unwillingly. Therefore we should willingly question authority no matter how intelligent or well-educated we are, if we know that the point we are trying to make is valid, to avoid oppression. Authors of texts construct themes and develop them to portray a message to their intended audience using the techniques of propaganda and the satirical and allegorical representations of certain characters. In the novel Animal Farm, Orwell rewrites history in the representation of certain animals as historical figures from history, warning us about the ways in which power can be abused by individuals. Therefore we are encouraged to take a stance on the message that George Orwell provides us with and reflect on it in our everyday lives.

Critical Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Using Women in Advertisements in Saudi Arabia

Critical Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Using Women in Advertisements in Saudi Arabia Aims of the Dissertations The steady economic growth and increasing political stability in the Middle East has set it up as a market targeted by many of the top global brands aspiring to have a portion of the business. As a result of this increased focus, there have been activities and developments to open up opportunities for businesses. These activities have centered on marketing, development, and distribution of new products.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Critical Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Using Women in Advertisements in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marketing forms an essential part of all business ventures. The success of any business is dependent on its marketing strategies. The past decade has seen businesses in Saudi Arabia invest heavily in marketing to attract potential buyers to consume their products. As competition for market share intensifies, many companies have opted to take their marketing strategies a notch higher by using models, actors, and celebrities to promote their products. However, the effectiveness of using women in advertisements is yet to be established considering the high levels of male chauvinism in Saudi Arabia. This report aims to establish if the use of women in an advertisement is effective in influencing chauvinist males in Saudi Arabia to buy products and the extent of this effectiveness (Al-Olayan Karande 2000).  To arrive at its findings, the report will employ the use of both primary and secondary research strategies. A critical review of literature on the subject will be carried out to establish research gaps and to develop strong and credible background information on the subject. The literature review will encompass concluded research work on the influence of women on men in Saudi Arabia, the extent to which women are used in advertisements, and consumer perceptions. Information for literature review will be gathered from credible journals, books, websites, databases, newspapers, and magazines. These will act as the background for revealing the gaps for focusing on the study’s objectives.  Multiple data collection methods will be employed, as they have been proven to be effective. As such, questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups will be used to collect data for analysis and evaluation. The results shall be processed through the use of one way analysis of variance to realize the attitudes and perceptions regarding the use of women in advertising in Saudi Arabia. Further analysis involving the relationships between the different variables shall be done through correlation and regression measures.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Methodology Theatrical Back Ground Advertising is one of the most widely relied upon forms of sales promotion. Advertisements may serve t o draw attention to a new product, encourage the use of older ones, and get entrance and acceptance to new market or niche markets. In this competition to gain attention and draw consumers to the advertised item, the advertisers are desperately competing to produce the best adverts so as to draw the attention of the unsuspecting consumers (Erdem 1998). The key ingredient to successful advertising is being able to communicate the value of the product or service so that it elicits the desire for the advertised commodity and assure the consumer that the product has the capacity to respond to that very need. The second ingredient is that advertisement must achieve the goal of the advertisers since advertising is expensive. To capture consumer attention, most adverts focus on emotions of fear, humour, contrast, worth, novelty, music or sexual arousal. The use of women as sex objects in advertisement is a well-documented one (Walters 2008; Waller 2000). However, for any advertisement to s ucceed it must fit within the context of the moral, social and religious practices of the target market. The extra conservative and male chauvinistic market of Saudi Arabia presents a tricky situation for the Western advertisements and especially the use of women in advertising (Bjerke Polegato 2006). The Research Objectives This work aims at the following objectives: To determine the factors affecting the choice of women in advertisements by businesses in Saudi Arabia. To determine the consumers perceptions and attitudes towards the use of sexy women in advertisements in Saudi Arabia. To determine the trends in the use of women in advertisement over the last 10 years in Saudi Arabia. To determine the nature and context of the role women play in advertisements in Saudi Arabia. Research Questions What are the main factors affecting the choice of women in advertisement in Saudi Arabia? What are the major perceptions and attitudes of the consumers regarding the use of women in adve rtisements in Saudi Arabia? What are the trends regarding the use of women in advertisements in Saudi Arabia? What is the nature and context of the roles played by women in advertisements in Saudi Arabia? The Sampling Design and Framework Quantitative Research A set of 30 questions shall be presented to respondents from which they will respond on a 5 five point hedonic scale ranging from 1 to 5; (where 1=dislike extremely and 5 =Like extremely). The first ten shall focus on the factors affecting the choice of women for use in advertisements in Saudi Arabia. Questions 10-20 shall focus on the perceptions and attitudes of the consumers on the use of women in advertisements in Saudi Arabia. Questions 20-25 shall deal with the notable trends regarding the use of women in advertisements in Saudi Arabia. The last five questions are targeted to investigate the various roles and contexts in which women are used in advertisements in Saudi Arabia. Respondents shall then be grouped on the bas is of demographic representations such as: age, educational background, marital status, profession, gender, number of children, occupation, and religion. Sampling frame shall encompass the respondents randomly selected from the Saudi Arabian capital of Riyadh.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Critical Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Using Women in Advertisements in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The simple random sampling technique shall be used to target a sample size of 400 to 650 persons. A response rate of at least 80.5% shall be accepted. The questionnaires shall be filled by the respondents themselves but limited help will be given by researcher only where it is absolutely necessary. Qualitative Research The reliability analysis model (the Cronbach alpha reliability analysis model) will be used as a tool to determine and confirm the reliability of the questionnaires. The descriptive statist ics will be used in the evaluation of the standard deviations for the 30 questionnaires to give the various levels of importance to the respondents’ answers. The ANOVA table precisely will be used to show the direct effects of the major independent variables. These variables, noted as culture, control, emotions, and women appeal or attitudes as shall be used as a test of the significance of the model. Both the regressing and correlation models shall be employed to understand the relationship between the factors responsible for the use of women in advertisement as well as the trends observed in their use (Baker Churchill 1977). Brief Literature Review Advertisements often use sex appeal as a tool to affect the cognitive responses and attitudes toward advertisement in order to enhance brand credentials on the mind of the consumers leading to increased likelihood of purchase. The attention seeking may be desirable or a turn off especially where the advertisement clashes with th e cultural, moral, and religious views of the target market. Human beings it has been argued, possess a sense of rationality and that they will make a wise choice based on the presented information (Ajzen Fishbein 1980). However, it is apparent that there must also be positive pressure and that any contentions present are not at all effective with the consumer. The advertisers therefore concentrate on effects of emotions of fear, humour, worth, novelty, difference, animation, sexual arousal or music.  It is through this rationalization that sexual appeal has been exploited as a tool for sales promotion. Specifically, women are used in a manner that exploits sexual nudity, sexual imagery, innuendo or the use of double entendre (Reichert 2002). Furthermore, Courtney and Whimpple (1983), suggest that the use of sexual appeal in advertisements has always taken the form of nudity, physical arousal, sexual behaviors and interactions as well as other important factors such as setting co ntext and the use of camera effects. There have been a series of reported misrepresentation of women in advertisements observed in many countries.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The issue has raised several theories why women are used in advertisement. According to the sexist theory, women do not like advertisements as much as men do. It therefore suggests that human beings often give up something they in exchange of a product superior to whatever they given out. This implies that since men are the ones most affected by advertisements, women are used to play to this desire. This then elicits sensual feelings to arouse desire for a particular product or service. Furthermore, it has been suggested that in some situations, women get into advertisements and allow themselves be used due to poverty. Much as this may be true, there is also recognition of psychological reason for this phenomenon. Some women who are well off may indulge in sensual advertisement for purposes of demonstrating a sense of liberation, independence, and power. From this perspective, the whole idea would be to achieve a sense of psychological satisfaction. In addition, there has been an as sociation of the use of women in advertisement with the rise and speed of globalization. Specifically, the bridging of barriers between the West and the East has accorded the citizens in the Middle East the opportunity to experience the life of the West. This has had influence particularly among young people and specifically on the teenage girls who desire to ape the sophisticated culture of the West. Lastly, the current business environment seems to thrive on the idea of increased consumerism at whatever cost. This consumerism culture has fueled the cut throat competition witnessed in advertisements thus propelling the use women playing sensual roles (Clow Baack 2009). The challenge to most companies attracted to the emerging markets of the Middle East, is the ability to customize their sales promotion tools and especially advertisements to capture the acceptable conducts of the people. Balancing between the use of women sensually in advertisements with the religious and cultural practices is the challenge every business has to face. The cultural practices of the communities in Saudi Arabia consider women lowly and their use as suggestive objects to arouse male desire is a taboo. This discrepancy stands in the way of businesses’ successful entry and exploitation of this market segment (Das 2000). Some studies have aimed at the realization of better ways to reach out to the Middle East market that do not raise much controversy. The fact is any adverts raising major controversies will always prove counterproductive. The focus has been on advertisers’ ability to customize their adverts to the specific niche market rather than assume a global appeal. This customization may take several forms including placing women in advertisement roles that are traditionally acceptable. For example, women may always be presented in a home environment and among men, rather than as independent, self-asserting individuals. The other way that may be applied is to inv oke the religious practices of the people. The Muslim community is extremely conservative and does not like extravagance and pomp. Adverts which are designed to appeal to better utilization of resources and modesty will be more effective at achieving a desired outcome more than those that use women as sexual objects. Apart from the appeal to conservative nature of the consumers, it has also been suggested that higher effectiveness with advertisements may be achieved through appeal to humour, fairness, morality, and incentives strategy. The truth of the matter is that there will be a continued growth in business and advertisements in the Middle East as the global and local firms compete for a share of the market. The rapid expansion in the media and the wide spread communication are grounds enough for enhanced activity in advertising. However, all this development is taking place against a backdrop of a strict, male chauvinistic culture that does not look kindly upon women displaying any sexual undertones. This work will determine the value placed on women in advertisements in Saudi Arabia and particularly the attitudes and perceptions of the consumers on this matter (Waller 2005). Resources/Data Access The work will deal in documents available in public domain and advertisement agencies plus a collection of past and present advertisements on TV, cinemas, newspapers, magazines, cartons, paintings, billboards and internet. Much of the current advertisement uses the platforms being developed within the context of expanding media to reach consumers. The study will therefore take advantage of this development.  The matrix below gives a layout of the time plan for the conception to implementation of the project. Reference List Ajzen, I Fishbein, M 1980, Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Al-Olayan, F Karande, K 2000, ‘A Content Analysis of Magazine Advertisements from the United States and the Arab World’, Journal of Advertising, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 69-82. Baker, M Churchill, Jr, GA 1977, ‘The impact of physically attractive models on advertising evaluations’, Journal of Marketing Research (JMR), vol.14, no.4, pp. 538-555. Bjerke, R Polegato, R 2006, ‘How well do Advertising Images of Health and Beauty  travel across cultures? A self-concept perspective’, Psychology and Marketing, vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 865-884. Clow, K Baack, D 2009, Integrated Advertising, Promotion, and Marketing Communiation, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J. Courtney, A Whipple, T 1983, Sex Stereotyping in Advertising, Heath, Lexington, MA.  Das, M 2000, ‘Men and Women in Indian Magazine Advertisements: A Preliminary Report’, Sex roles, vol.43, no. 9/10, pp. 699-717. Erdem, OT 1998, ‘Advertising agency scene in Saudi Arabia’, Management research news, vol. 21, no.1, pp. 1-8. Reichert, T 2002, ‘Sex in Advertising Research: A Review of Content, Effects, and Functions of Sexual Information in Consumer Advertising’, Annual Review of Sex Research, vol.13, pp. 241-273. Waller, D 2000,’ Cultural Values and Advertising in Malaysia: Views from the Industry’, Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, vol.12, no.1, pp. 3-18. Waller, D K 2005, ‘Advertising of controversial products: a cross-cultural study’, Journal of Consumer Marketing, vol. 22, no.1, pp. 6-13. Walters, P W 2008, ‘Global strategy in the international advertising industry’, International Business Review, vol.17, pp. 236-249.

Sustainable Works Reflection Prompt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sustainable Works Reflection Prompt - Essay Example The ethics of this program is to sensitize every individual to take good care of their environment, making it a better place than they found it. It aims at instilling a sense of responsibility, which is crucial for the survival of every human being. When we accustom ourselves to doing such kind acts as ensuring good waste disposal, conserving energy that is not in use, and increasing the forest cover, I think we shall be preparing a green world for generations to come. This program anchors on the philosophy of moral ethics for the betterment of the society in general. The program has a strong correlation with the philosophy theories that I was learning and debating together with my classmates in that, both gear their principles towards persuading the human mind into accepting and practicing certain beliefs, opinions and ideas. While philosophy communicates to us the opinions, ideas, and beliefs of scholars and great thinkers, sustainable works program imparts on us great ideas that c an enable us live harmoniously with our environment. I strongly believe that philosophy study refines our intelligence and boosts our intellectual growth, but we cannot be intellectuals who do very little about their immediate environment. At this particular point, I must admit that the decision I made to join the sustainable works program really transformed my philosophical perception, especially in matters dealing with the environment. Before joining the program, I used to think that the role of environmental protection and sustainable growth solely rested on governments and concerned institutions. Philosophically, I now accord the environment the same essence that I accord human beings. I view human beings, plants, and animals as valuable creatures that deserve the same level of gratification and protection. In my view, any undertaking of sustainable work should not favor the thriving of some these creatures while at the same time, having adverse effect on others. This, I believe , goes against the moral responsibilities of philosophy. Politically, sustainable works program has challenged my inclination and adherence to the environmental sustainability acts and policies. When it comes to the emotional aspect, my compassion for sustainable growth and development has flared, owing to the close association and relationship I now have with the ecosystem. Succinctly, my overall perception of the environment has changed. While undertaking the program, I noticed some of my colleagues with whom we were in the same group react in a manner that suggested that the subject t matter, that is the Sustainable work program, astounded them. This was especially so because most of them were culprits whose activities were counterproductive to environmental sustainability. I think all of us were enthusiastic and a bit nervous because as philosophy students, we studied, and inculcated the thoughts, opinions, ideas, beliefs of great thinkers but one thing we were forgetting was th e ideas, and opinions of those passion were environmentally oriented. I regrettably consider this as an appreciable oversight that is worth noting. Sustainable works program entails several aspects, some of which may be fascinating, especially for first time learners. Nevertheless, one thing I found interesting was the issue of sustainable waste management. Virtually all activities of human endeavors generate wastes, some of which m

Educational Law and Students with Disabilities Essay

Educational Law and Students with Disabilities - Essay Example This has been realized by the formulation of a number of legislation that made it mandatory to offer the same educational standards and facilities in all public schools for the disabled children. These legislations gave children protection under the law that acted as a safeguard to their right of education. This paper seeks to highlight educational law and students with disabilities. The article from the New Jersey Times by Erin Duffy/The Times of Trenton highlights the plight of Trenton school district’s Life Skills program in Daylight/Twilight High School. In the article, Duffy gives information pertaining to the situation regarding the plight of education for disabled children. She uses testimonies garnered from a member of staff at the institution who claims to have witnessed the below par educational practices with regard to the Life Skills program at the school. Of particular interest is the case of a disabled youth who is termed as problematic, which leads him to being punished by washing the hallways and washrooms during class time. Another example of student neglect is the case of a Liberian student who gets robbed nearly everyday by his classmates, and there has been no intervention from the teachers. The situation at the institution is further aggravated by the fact that there exists no set school curriculum to cater for the immediate learning requirements of the disabled children in the institution. According to Duffy’s source who goes by the name Deborah Downing Forston, there is cheating when it comes to what the teachers are supposed to teach. This is exemplified by her statements that these students are subjected to the same repetitive learning content everyday of the week throughout the term. Forston claims there is lack of motivation in both the teachers and students which is characterized by low expectations caused by what she termed as a complete lack of learning within the program (Duffy, 2013). Duffy highlights the plight of the disabled students and some concerned members of staff by putting her job on line when she condemns the way things are run at the school with regard to the Life Skills program. In a second article reporting on the same issue after about a week, Erin Duffy is able to learn the history of the institution with regard to education and students with disabilities. Duffy tells of the improving situation not only in Twilight/Daylight High School, but throughout the Trenton area with similar Life Skills programs. According to Duffy, this is being done by efforts from the district’s education Superintendent Francisco Duran who is coordinating visits to schools to assess the situation and formulate policies and instruction of improving the situation. These improvements will include training special education teachers and according to Duran, to broaden and expand life skill activities by increasing the activities for students with higher levels of disabilities (Duffy, 2013). According to Forston the whistle blower, the approval of resolutions by the school board to address this dire situation by investing more attention and funds is long overdue. This will go a long way in alleviating disabled children’s chances of making it out on their own after school. She recognizes earlier efforts by the district’s special services director Stuart Barudin, because the Life Skills p

Reflect on and analyse feedback on own teaching (educational review, Essay

Reflect on and analyse feedback on own teaching (educational review, 3000 words) - Essay Example The reflection on these actions allows the engaged individual to employ continuous learning methods (Schon, 1983). The individual tends to learn from his actions in order to continuously improve and the resulting improvements are then used as future learning material. This makes the reflective practice method both dynamic and continuous. This is not to indicate that professionals relying on reflective practice tend to use their own experiences to learn but it serves to indicate that the reliance on personal experiences for learning is greater. Though reflective practice has been around for a few decades now but its wide scale application to professional practice has emerged in the last few years. A number of different models have been brought forward to delineate reflective practice including (but not limited to) models by Argyris and Schon (1978), Kolb (1984), Gibbs (1988), Johns (1995) and Rolfe (2001). Among these models of reflective practice, the model presented by Kolb (1984) h as gained widespread attention and acclaim. This paper will rely on the model presented by Kolb (1984) in order to advance arguments for reflective practice in a clinical setting aimed at learning. ... One key aspect of the model is the transformation of information into knowledge after a particular situation has occurred.16* Figure 1 – Kolb’s Reflective Practice Model (1984) extracted from (Schugurensky, 2002) Reflection on the Subject Teaching Session A teaching session was held in order to disseminate information and knowledge gathered through a continual and dynamic reflective practice run. The attendants for the session ranged from registrars to senior health officers (SHOs) so a widely differing audience was worked with using the teaching session. A key assumption before the teaching session was that members of the audience would be able to assimilate the provided information at the same rates or nearly at the same rates (Boss & Krauss, 2007). However, the teaching session proved beyond doubt that personal learning issues were far overtaken by learning issues based on position in the organisation. The learning styles for registrars and SHOs tended to differ wide ly so that certain concepts had to be repeated in order to ensure that all members of the audience were on the same page. Based on this observation, it would be relevant to utilise different teaching sessions or a wide variety of different teaching techniques to capture the differences in knowledge of such an audience. One method employed to keep the attention of the audience was to utilise quizzes that were presented at intermittent intervals during the teaching session (Darzi, 2008). It could be noticed that the audience seemed more involved in solving the problems presented by the quizzes rather than concentrating on slides one after the other. This observation also had another significant undertone. The subject teaching session

What are the causes of organisational change and is organisational Essay

What are the causes of organisational change and is organisational change necessarily good - Essay Example In addition, organization has to make adjustments because of changes that are happening. It is pointed out above that technological change has prompted individuals, firms and other users to adapt it. Discussion in the next paragraphs relates to causes of organizational changes and causes of success and failure of organizational change. Thereafter, the significant of organizational changes is also reviewed. Halkos and Bousinakis (2012) acknowledge that the change of organization is necessary for them to move closer to larger markets. Change is also important for organization to meet the demands of internal and external business surroundings. Effective change can make a company more competitive and expand its market share. According to the authors, organisational change is necessity brought forward by management so as to attain the requirements of a larger social-economic environment, with the use of organizational structures, behaviours and process targeting growth and advancement of the company. Modern organization have to embrace changes as pointed earlier above, technology has prompted many organisations to change. Adaptation and employment of new technologies is significant for any organisation that has to apply new materials, products, methods and processes. Additionally, the workers of the firm have to adapt to changes and update their skills every day. Furthermore, mergers, acquisition, globalization can make the organization to change. There are other factors such as social and political factors; these factors can make organisation change its processes. Some people have doubts regarding organisational change, however, Burnes and Jackson (2011) point out that the change is important in the current world. Adaptation to changes according to the authors makes an organisation survive for a longer time. Organisational change is vital it is quite difficult to achieve. This is because some

Culture shock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Culture shock - Essay Example Group study replaced solo study with parents and teachers. I do not come from a wealthy class therefore I had to support myself in college for tuition funds and my pocket money. I come from a middle-class family. My parents and family members expect a lot from me. For this reason, they gave special attention to my studies while I was in school. This soft authority and system made me comfortable and dependent on it. Unfortunately, this is not nurturing or helpful in the long term. Eventually, a child has to open his wings and fly to leave the nest. Freedom, independence and choice were alien to me regarding life-changing decisions. I always had my parents and family there to guide me about difficult decisions. But college life is where parents expect their children to prove that they are capable of taking care of themselves. It was a whole different challenge to me. I believe that my family life was an educational ground for me to be ready for college life. My family background supported, nurtured and raised me in a secure and relaxed environment. The college life challenges people that they need to come out of their comfort zones. College life is where students do not care about laundry; bunking classes is the norm and having no money for anything is the story of almost every student. While at home, one is expected to live ‘normal. Obeying parents is the law. It is not just me, my fellows also feel this cultural shock. Some fall victims to this stark change while some adapt and refine themselves. I do not believe that one should consider college life as the ultimate test where penalty is either life or death. This way of thinking can turn average students into ‘useless’ bookworms. I have used the term useless because if someone learns nothing after spending hours reading something, he/she could have spent that time in more ‘useful’ ways. The illusion of acting well is worse than behaving bad. The

Sustainable Tourism Practice & Planning Assignment

Sustainable Tourism Practice & Planning - Assignment Example 67, the central bank of Mexico identified Cancun as a potential and immensely profitable site for a purpose built resort in order to cater the demands of a nearby potential market, the US. "Due to the reluctance of investors to bet on an unknown area, the Mexican government had to finance the first nine hotels." (Siegel J., 2006). And thus, the first hotel started operations in Cancun which today goes by the name of Temptation Resort. By 1975, Cancun had 1769 rooms in service; by 2008 it boasted about 150 hotels with around 27,000 rooms in service. Apart from the hotels, the basic infrastructure also developed leaps and bounds. An airport, highways, potable water, electricity, telephone lines, convention center and harbors were built to jump start the tourism industry in Cancun. Second only to New Mexico, the Cancun airport handles almost 200 flights a day. Ultimately, the city has had to cope up with the immense population boost from 30,000 in 1980 to over 600,000 today (Rhoda R. & Burton T., 2010). Thus, it is not a surprising fact that Cancun contributes majorly to the Mexican economy. But this silver cloud has a dark lining to it as well. In a city that’s bustling with over 600,000 residents and visitors, socials ills come as a package deal. Crime and poverty, drugs and gangs, political unrest and prostitution reign the back alleys of the glamorous hotel strips. The core reason for this is the asymmetry in the socio economic population of Cancun. A worker working in one of the posh hotels at the Hotel Zone actually lives in the poorest of conditions in the downtown area. Mirroring this fact, is the rate of inflation that is constantly rising. Taking an general example of a hotel worker who earns an average of 50 pesos or $5 per day finds it almost impossible to... Sustainable Tourism Practice & Planning Cancun was nothing but an uninhabited barrier island in the Yucatan peninsula. In 1967, the central bank of Mexico identified Cancun as a potential and immensely profitable site for a purpose built the resort in order to cater the demands of a nearby potential market, the US. "Due to the reluctance of investors to bet on an unknown area, the Mexican government had to finance the first nine hotels". And thus, the first hotel started operations in Cancun which today goes by the name of Temptation Resort. By 1975, Cancun had 1769 rooms in service; by 2008 it boasted about 150 hotels with around 27,000 rooms in service. Apart from the hotels, the basic infrastructure also developed leaps and bounds. An airport, highways, potable water, electricity, telephone lines, convention center and harbors were built to jump-start the tourism industry in Cancun. The second only to New Mexico, the Cancun airport handles almost 200 flights a day. It seems that the life cycle of Cancun is about to complete its 360 degree turn. It was born as a virgin island which had never felt the feet of man. It was desolate and untouched. And then man realized its true potential and turned it from a sleepy isolated piece of land into a hustling bustling elite tourist destination filled with lights, colors, technology and fun. But then there is only so much potential that one can exploit before the entire venture starts caving in on itself. That is what happened at Cancun.

What are the causes of organisational change and is organisational Essay

What are the causes of organisational change and is organisational change necessarily good - Essay Example In addition, organization has to make adjustments because of changes that are happening. It is pointed out above that technological change has prompted individuals, firms and other users to adapt it. Discussion in the next paragraphs relates to causes of organizational changes and causes of success and failure of organizational change. Thereafter, the significant of organizational changes is also reviewed. Halkos and Bousinakis (2012) acknowledge that the change of organization is necessary for them to move closer to larger markets. Change is also important for organization to meet the demands of internal and external business surroundings. Effective change can make a company more competitive and expand its market share. According to the authors, organisational change is necessity brought forward by management so as to attain the requirements of a larger social-economic environment, with the use of organizational structures, behaviours and process targeting growth and advancement of the company. Modern organization have to embrace changes as pointed earlier above, technology has prompted many organisations to change. Adaptation and employment of new technologies is significant for any organisation that has to apply new materials, products, methods and processes. Additionally, the workers of the firm have to adapt to changes and update their skills every day. Furthermore, mergers, acquisition, globalization can make the organization to change. There are other factors such as social and political factors; these factors can make organisation change its processes. Some people have doubts regarding organisational change, however, Burnes and Jackson (2011) point out that the change is important in the current world. Adaptation to changes according to the authors makes an organisation survive for a longer time. Organisational change is vital it is quite difficult to achieve. This is because some

Sustainable Tourism Practice & Planning Assignment

Sustainable Tourism Practice & Planning - Assignment Example 67, the central bank of Mexico identified Cancun as a potential and immensely profitable site for a purpose built resort in order to cater the demands of a nearby potential market, the US. "Due to the reluctance of investors to bet on an unknown area, the Mexican government had to finance the first nine hotels." (Siegel J., 2006). And thus, the first hotel started operations in Cancun which today goes by the name of Temptation Resort. By 1975, Cancun had 1769 rooms in service; by 2008 it boasted about 150 hotels with around 27,000 rooms in service. Apart from the hotels, the basic infrastructure also developed leaps and bounds. An airport, highways, potable water, electricity, telephone lines, convention center and harbors were built to jump start the tourism industry in Cancun. Second only to New Mexico, the Cancun airport handles almost 200 flights a day. Ultimately, the city has had to cope up with the immense population boost from 30,000 in 1980 to over 600,000 today (Rhoda R. & Burton T., 2010). Thus, it is not a surprising fact that Cancun contributes majorly to the Mexican economy. But this silver cloud has a dark lining to it as well. In a city that’s bustling with over 600,000 residents and visitors, socials ills come as a package deal. Crime and poverty, drugs and gangs, political unrest and prostitution reign the back alleys of the glamorous hotel strips. The core reason for this is the asymmetry in the socio economic population of Cancun. A worker working in one of the posh hotels at the Hotel Zone actually lives in the poorest of conditions in the downtown area. Mirroring this fact, is the rate of inflation that is constantly rising. Taking an general example of a hotel worker who earns an average of 50 pesos or $5 per day finds it almost impossible to... Sustainable Tourism Practice & Planning Cancun was nothing but an uninhabited barrier island in the Yucatan peninsula. In 1967, the central bank of Mexico identified Cancun as a potential and immensely profitable site for a purpose built the resort in order to cater the demands of a nearby potential market, the US. "Due to the reluctance of investors to bet on an unknown area, the Mexican government had to finance the first nine hotels". And thus, the first hotel started operations in Cancun which today goes by the name of Temptation Resort. By 1975, Cancun had 1769 rooms in service; by 2008 it boasted about 150 hotels with around 27,000 rooms in service. Apart from the hotels, the basic infrastructure also developed leaps and bounds. An airport, highways, potable water, electricity, telephone lines, convention center and harbors were built to jump-start the tourism industry in Cancun. The second only to New Mexico, the Cancun airport handles almost 200 flights a day. It seems that the life cycle of Cancun is about to complete its 360 degree turn. It was born as a virgin island which had never felt the feet of man. It was desolate and untouched. And then man realized its true potential and turned it from a sleepy isolated piece of land into a hustling bustling elite tourist destination filled with lights, colors, technology and fun. But then there is only so much potential that one can exploit before the entire venture starts caving in on itself. That is what happened at Cancun.