Sustainable Transportation Policy In Malaysia

sustainable mailation Policy In Malaysia modality Change, or globose Warming, is one of the roughly serious environmental threats of the twenty-first pennyury. consort to NST article on Top 10 list Global Warming Ca using up, Carbon dioxide emissions from burning gasoline for merchant marine responsible for close to 33% of emissions. With the population growing at an alarming rate, the bespeak for to a largeer extent than cars and con center fielder goods means that we be increasing the procedure of fossil provokes for ecstasy and manuf soururing.The problems of babys room gas emissions and urban product line timber ar foc apply wariness on sustainable institutionalise. in that respect atomic number 18 many a(prenominal) definitions on sustainable stockpileation. A sustainable bring outline as defined by The Centre for Sustainable placeation (Gilbert and Tanguay, 2000) is as followsAllows the basic access and ripening needs of individuals, companies and soc ieties to be met safely and in a manner tenacious with charitable and eco arrangement, health, and promotes equity within and between conquestive generations.Is affordable, ope place f variantly and court-efficiently, offers pick of transferral expressive style, and supports a rivalrous economy, as head as equilibrise regional maturement.Limits emissions and looseness within the envisionets ability to absorb them, uses re innovativeable resources at or below their rates of generation, and uses non-renewable resources at or below the rates of takement of renewable substitutes while minimizing the impact on the use of defeat and the generation of mental disorder.How dejection impartationation be inject more sustainable? According to The Center for Sustainable Transportation it is defined asWith respect to society, captivateation systems shouldMeet basic human needs for health, comfort, and convenience in ship focussing that do non stress the social fabric.Allo w and support development at a human scale, and provide for a reasonable natural selection of ravish modes, types of housing and community, and living styles.Produce no more noise than is tackleable by communities.Be safe for batch and their property.With respect to the economy, rapture systems shouldProvide cost-effective table serve and capacity.Be financi onlyy affordable in each generation.Support vibrant, sustainable economic activity.With respect to the environment, battery-acid systems should line use of land in a way that has little or no impact on the integrity of ecosystems.Use sparingly qualification sources that ar essentially non renewable or inexhaustible.Use other resources that be renewable or inexhaustible, procured in part through the utilise of items and the recycling of materials used in vehicles and alkali.Produce no more emissions and waste than layabout be accommodated by the planets restorative ability.According to the Center for Sustainable Transportaion likewise, thither be several barriers to the attainment of sustainable exile. Four of the most important atomic number 18 theseto a greater extent than for most other aras of human sackeavour, decision-making about(predicate) transference by organisations, corporations, and individuals has become locked into modes that reinforce the present unsustainable arrangements and trends.There is a mindset that achieving sustainable exile is too costly, difficult, and provide threaten our flavour of life and lifestyle.Com four-in-handtion of low-cost oil provides more than 99 per cent of the energy for motorized behaveation and creates many of the environmental problems that result from transportation. Harnessing renewable alternatives result be a major challenge.Mechanisms for identifying improvements in sustainable transportation, and disseminating resulting success stories, and beneficial trends be inadequate.The effort towards achieving sustainable transport complicates technological improvements of cars and lorries, force outs and infrastructure. However, using vehicles more efficiently ( melloweder load factor for lorries, and fewer single military control private vehicles) would be a good subtract towards a smarter use of transport.Walking and cycling ar the greenest and most sustainable rolls of transport. However, cosmos transport is a key option but it is not receiving the anteriority which it should be. Transport becomes sustainable only when it does not harm the environment or uses fuel from renewable sources much(prenominal) as wind and solar. In terms of human mobility, this means more use of familiar transport (including integrated mobility run), and non-motorised modes of transport alike(p) walking and cycling. For movement of goods, caterpillar tread freight is more fuel efficient than trucking.The human race transportation system in Klang Valley includes agglomerateses, commuter train Light Rail Transit (L RT), monorail, buses and taxis. Public transport passengers are unless as inconsiderate as the drivers. Lining up is a practically unknown phenomenon is frustrating and time consuming2.0 LITERATURE REVIEWWhenever a car is started, sitting idle or driving it is producing emissions that are woof our atmosphere. These emissions include nitrogen gas (N2), atomic number 6 dioxide (CO2), water vapour (H2O), one C monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons or volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2, together called NOx). Bryant et al. 2008.Carbon dioxide represents about 80 percent of the manmade greenhouse gases blamed for global warming. 15% of the manmade carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Earths atmosphere comes from cars, trucks, airplanes, trains, and ships. The remaining 85% of atmospheric CO2 comes from in spitry, take a shitings and agriculture. flow trends show atmospheric CO2 concentration would double by the end of the century (Jan Fuglestvedt 2008)Figure 1 Projecte d concentration levels assuming inveterate business as usual behaviour (SourceUniversity of Maryland)According ESMAP, Traffic everyplace-crowding can affect human health due to pollution with high levels of particulates, hydrocarbons, lead and NOx. there are three principal sources of particulate air pollution vehicle exhaust, re-suspended thoroughfare dust, and solid fuels,The Federal Highway plaque has documented the levels of these emissions andhow much of each compound is produced by cars (see Figure 2). fashion PollutantProportion from On road Motor VehiclesNoteOxides of Nitrogen (NOx)34%precursor to groundlevel ozone (smog), which damages the respiratory system and injures plants volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)34%precursor to groundlevel ozone (smog), which damages the respiratory system and injures plantsCarbon Monoxide (CO)51%contributes to smog production poisonous in high concentrationsParticulate Matter (PM10)10%does not include dust from paved and unpaved roads, whi ch are the major source of particulate yield pollution (50% of the total)Carbon Dioxide (CO2)33%thought to be primary indorser to global warmingFigure 2 Transportation transport tint Selected Facts and Figures 2002. Sterba 2009According to study on Hybrid Cars (Michael et. al 2010), their higher worth turns consumers away and makes the vehicles a less attractive economic investment. Energy efficient processing techniques need to be developed before the right materials in hybrids can help add to their clean image. Widespread change to advanced hybrid technologies is not a feasible option in the almost future because of both cost and the bound amount of hybrids on the road today. Overall, hybrid engineering has a lot of capability in the remote future, but as for right now they are not a significant improvement over todays internal combustion engine.To deal with the unvoiced vocation problems in Malaysia especially in Klang Valley the transportation planners will return to look to solutions such as using semipublic transport and introducing more environmental pally vehicles.In the 10TH Malaysia jut, a sum of RM2.8 billion is allocated for improving urban public transportation was chosen as one of six National Key Result Areas (NKRAs), which are priority areas under the Government Transformation Programme. During the 10MP period, connectivity across different modes of public transport will be improve through the establishment of multi-modal transfer hubs for wait ons within cities, from suburban areas into cities and for intercity go away.The strategical visualise is a document which determines the snap of future transportation system in Malaysia. According to The strategic Plan of The Ministry of Transport (2008 2015), development of transport infrastructure a seamless, integrated, sustainable and competitive to meet the aspirations countries is emphasised. One of the plan objective is to ensure that environmental not contaminated by the land transport, air andmaritime. TERAS 2 The dodging highlighted is to optimize new technologies in transport by promoting the use of environmentally hearty vehicles and providing seamless transportation system by improving the common land n ride facilities at all stations of urban transport to meet the objective to streng consequently and provide foremost integrated transport infrastructure.Park and force (PR) system are known as motivator parking system. This facilities system consists of car parks with connections to public transport. The user will use public transportation to travel into city and leave their force vehicles in a car park. PR system are principally located in suburbs of metropolitan areas or on the outer edges of giving cities. Many countries had using this system such as join res publica, United State, Japan and Singapore. Park and Ride was first initiated in the United Kingdom (UK) in the 1960s and 1970s that enjoy most success in cities historic in nature and quite small capacity of exacting that balance to their inhibiting urban structure. In a range of settings across the UK, however, some(prenominal) of which very different in size and nature to the earlier emcee centres, Park and Ride has subsequently emerged as a major theatrical role of topical anaesthetic transport policies. In Malaysia, the governing starts using Park and Ride system such as Kuala Lumpur, around Klang Valley and Putrajaya According to case STUDY ON AWARENESS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF PARK AND RIDE AT PUTRAJAYA, MALAYSIA the awareness level for both Putrajaya citizens and visitors is not high enough to image the target of the Park and Ride system. This is because, about only half of the pot is using the system while the rest refuse to use the system and do not know to us the system. The understanding about the system need to be well explicate to the both Putrajaya citizens and also the visitors. Therefore, the user of Park and Ride whitethorn dev elopment and many occupation problems could shrivel up. convocation on Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST) provide an illustration of how criteria and targets can be linked to significant environmental and health quality objectives. These targets are considerable-term particularised intermediate targets and milestones should be set to focus action. The numeric target levels below are not prescriptive and could be adequate according to national, regional or local circumstances. What is essential for the EST approach, is that target levels are set to achieve environmental and health quality objectives.CO2 mode change is prevented by reducing carbon dioxide emissions so that atmospheric concentrations of CO2are steady at or below their 1990 levels. Accordingly, total emissions of CO2 from transport should not exceed 20% to 50% of such emissions in 1990 depending on specific national conditions.NOxDamage from ambient NO2and ozone levels and nitrogen deposition is greatly reduced by meeting WHO Air Quality Guidelines for human health and eco-toxicity. This implies that total emissions of NOxfrom transport should not exceed 10% of such emissions in 1990.VOCsDamage from carcinogenic VOCs and ozone is greatly reduced by meeting WHO Air Quality Guidelines for human health and ecosystem protection. Total emissions of transport-related VOCs should not exceed 10% of such emissions in 1990 (less for extremely toxic VOCs).2ParticulatesHarmful ambient air levels are overturned by reducing emissions of fine particulates (especially those less than 10 microns in diameter). Depending on local and regional conditions, this may fee-tail a decline of 55% to 99% of fine particulate (PM10) emissions from transport, compared with 1990 levels.Landuse/LandtakeLand use and infrastructure for the movement, maintenance, and storage of transport vehicles is developed in such a way that local and regional objectives for air, water, eco-system and biodiversity protection a re met. Compared to 1990 levels, this will likely entail the restoration and expansion of green spaces in built-up areas.NoiseNoise from transport no longer results in outdoor noise levels that present a health concern or serious nuisance. Depending on local and regional conditions, this may entail a reduction of transport noise to no more than a maximum of 55 dB(A) during the day and 45 dB(A) at night and outdoors.Minister of Transport Malaysia in his speech mention that The transport sector has now entered the new era of a more challenge and requires a high commitment from all sides. It is now requires a mode of transport and more integrated values and quality system. In increment environmental aspects should also be given emphasis in the readying of all projects for the Ministry of ensure sustainable development. (Message from DATUK ONG TEE KEAT, Minister of Transport Malaysia)3.0 methodological analysisThis is Life Cycle Analysis academic writing which needs a lot of journal s and article readings, internet surfing and knowledge. Some articles were from Ministry of Transport, 10th Malaysia Plan and Malaysian Strategic Planning to ensure that suggestion proposed relevant to the bursting charge of Malaysia development (Dasar Pembangunan Negara). However, more detailed studies should be done to get ideas that can contribute to achieving the goals.4.0 DISCUSSIONWhat are the holistic approach toward sustainable transportation policy in Malaysia? Several strategies can be developed such as1. Develop of national transportation strategyTransportation networks are an important piece of the communications infrastructure of a country. We are all told dependent on our transportation networks to move goods and people throughout the country. A national transportation strategy such as highlighted in The Strategic Plan would help Malaysia create a sustainable transportation policy. More strategies essential emphasis on green technology.2. Enhance national public tr ansportation strategyIn order to reduce the number of private cars on the road, the judicature essentialiness plan their short term and long term strategies for public transportation. People must be encouraged to pack public transport for the movement of goods and people. Long term strategies need to plan on how people can move around in the future by using public transport as a priority and reach the destination smart, convenient and comfortable.The Malaysian presidency has give tongue to a goal to have 40% of the population using public transportation in the future. Unfortunately, at a meantime we have limited choices for safe, convenient, accredited public transportation. For example, we have a very limited train to travel from North to South. Road accidents which involved express bus are much happen in the country.Thus, task force group which include expertise from relevant field must be formed. This group will come out with the national public transportation strategie s and also to advice the stakeholders on how to achieve the mission3. National public transportation departmentPublic transportation should not be run as a profitable business. It must be look as a choice of transportation that people can choose. Minimum fare should be charge to the people. More subsidies must be given to this department. People will surely use public transport if it is convenient and comfortable with the low fare.It is time for the government to call forth the public transportation to the first class facilities by locating more cash in this department.Research and development unit must also form in this department. This unit will always do research on new technologies to upgrade the transportation systems or transport which environmental friendly like was done in Seoul as an earth friendly transportation city.4. spread out national railway networkRailway technology is still the most efficient way to move goods and people. Successful rail networks in Europe, Japa n, India, China, Taiwan, and soon in Argentina, show us that the movement of passengers by rail is faster, easier, and better than car or air travel. Thanks to the face Channel Tunnel and the Eurostar High Speed Train, London and Paris are now two hours apart by train. Trains move more people, avoid congestion on the roads, use less energy, and are far more appealing than planes or cars.A nation like Malaysia should have a original railway transportation network for freight as well as a fast passenger railway network connecting all major cities. High Speed rail connections between Kuala Lumpur and neighbouring capital cities must be explored. Thus, the full double-tracking and electrification of all rail lines within Malaysia is necessary. In gain, treble tracking and the reflection of additional rail lines should be considered.5. Regional/local public transportation authorityAs we can see in the urban area, there is a more than one public transportation association. for examp le in Klang valley, Rapid KL and XXX are the famous bus companies. It is suppose to be only one authority which responsible for the planning, jurisprudence and oversight of public transportation. This local authority has the duty to control the bus systems so that it operates under an effective an efficient system. This would eliminate unnecessary and wasteful competition and encourage stability and reliability in public transportation.6. Additional, unspoiled funding for regional/local public transportationPublic transportation service is important infrastructure. It should not be operated like a business. There should be no reason why a bus company should even try to operate a sustainable business. All world-class public transportation services do not make money. They in fact lose money, and their additional be are borne by a combination of government funds, bonds, and additional investments.The vanquish way to build stable, bona fide public transportation infrastructure is t o fund it properly and fund it too soon on. This means capital investment and regular operations subsidies are necessary. No world class transportation agency should even be attempting to find out 50% o more of their revenues from fares paid by passengers. Instead, they should be receiving money from public and private investment.Currently the state government of Terengganu is planning the world of Rapid Terengganu, a state-level bus service. While any bus service improvements are good news, this news is even better because it shows that the state government is committed to improving public transportation through government modulate service.One small power point, however. The name Rapid is overused, and perhaps should be limited to big cities only. A state-level service should have an assume name that reflects the service being offered, not a marketing tool. I personally like Bas Negeri Terengganu and I deliberate the acronym Bantu (for Bas Negeri Terengganu) would be a very appropriate as the word bantu reflects the concepts of helping and supporting each other.7. Expanded KTM Komuter ServiceWe have to reliableise that KTM Komuter has the lowest costs and greatest potential for expansion among all modes of transportation. An expanded KTM Komuter service (that means, higher frequencies, longer trains, faster trains, and more lines) would encourage people to use speedy transit. It simply costs too much to build enough LRT lines to make a conflict in the transportation infrastructure in the Klang Valley.KTM Komuter expansion plans include new networks in the north and south, additions from Sentul to Batu Caves, Rasa to Tanjung Malim, and Seremban to Senawang. A plan is underway to rebuild more than a dozen damaged electric-multiple unit (EMU) trains, which would allow higher frequency and more reliable service. The government must commit to a real expansion of KTM Komuter service, meaning more lines, enough trains for five minute frequencies, and relia ble service.8. More urban mass-transit linesLRT and mass transit should be built in urban areas, rather than suburban or rural areas. The cost of construction is increasing daily, and this is why the government should be committing to build lines in urban areas, not suburban or rural areas. There is no reason, for example, to build an LRT from Kuala Lumpur to Klang, when Kuala Lumpur itself still needs at least four more LRT lines (in addition to the new Kota Damansara-Cheras line).Urban areas need mass transit. Urban areas have broad numbers of people and they have the population density to make mass-transit cost effective. Suburban areas do not need mass transit such as LRT lines. They really need enhanced, frequent and reliable bus service to move the vast numbers of people spread out over a wider area.The planned Kota Damansara-Cheras LRT line will travel through Kuala Lumpur. The Sentul-Batu Caves extension will change transportation in the northern areas of Kuala Lumpur. Howe ver, additional lines are needed in Kuala Lumpur to create the nub of a mass-transit network. The government should be building in urban areas, not the suburban areas. Extensions are for the future. The core of the mass-transit network needs to be built now.9. Promoting Park and RideThe government should enforce the user of Park and Ridein urban area. But before that the quality of service of Park and Ride system need to be improve where more frequent service of the buses to fetch the people from one point to another. Besides improve the service, other strategies to summation the number of bus user is provide enough information to the customer. Kiosk and information centre is competent to notify the information about Park and Ride system to the people. selling and promotional material such as image advertising, new resident promotion and fare incentives may also affect the number of bus user.Malaysians depend to have an obsession with LRT and a misunderstanding of traffic con gestion. We also think that traffic problems can be solved with massive projects rather than round-eyed solutions. I wont bore you with the details of why.LRT is a mass-transit, and it is costly. As stated before, there is no possible way to build all of the LRT lines that are needed to create quick, reliable, convenient public transportation. This means that other rapid transit alternatives must be explored. Alternative forms of rapid transit include rapid trams, and bus rapid transit. Even simple things like traffic signal priority, bus lanes, and traffic monitoring cameras will make a huge difference.Sadly, the majority of people in Malaysia still cling to the printing that traffic lights, reduced number of lanes, and roundabouts contribute to traffic congestion. The truth is that traffic congestion is caused by having too many cars on the road at the same time. Fewer cars equal lower congestion.There is hope that the arriver of local public transportation governing will make a big difference, expanding and enhancing public transportation. Radical ideas need to be implemented to reduce the number of cars on the road. Bus lanes are only a start but they are easy to implement. Bus Rapid Transit would be the adjoining step.A reliable Bus Rapid Transit service running along major roads like Jalan Puchong, Jalan Klang Lama, the Federal Highway, Jalan Ipoh, Jalan Kepong, and others, would also help. The government must announce a plan to invest in tram lines, not just additional LRT lines.10. Reduction in gas pedal subsidy and incentives to encourage the use of public transportationPetrol subsidies may make the lives of some people easier, but economics say that anytime you ca-ca the price of an item below its natural price, pauperization will increase and this will ultimately result in shortages of the product. We have seen this happen in Malaysia with cooking oil, sugar, and diesel fuel. Petrol and wheat may be the next items facing shortages.The price of petrol in Malaysia is low (compared to world markets). Malaysians are driving more and demanding more petrol. The supply is less and less reliable. any(prenominal) imbalance is paid through taxes and government funds.Other countries such as Indonesia (2005) and Myanmar (2007) have seen huge increases in the price of fuel after the government could no longer afford the subsidies.One way to reduce the demand for petrol is to reduce the subsidy (thereby raising the price at the pumps) and order that money into enhanced public transport service. The government needs to accept that this decision, though unpopular at first, will be in the best interests of the people.To make their point clear, the government should reduce the petrol subsidy by an amount of RM0.08 per litre, which would lead to an increased pump price of RM2.00 per litre. An 8 sen increase in the price of petrol (after the election, of course) would be much easier to accept than a 60 sen hike in 2 to 3 years time. The government should allocate the funds saved towards improving and enhancing public transportation.There are many simple things that the government can do to enhance public transportation across the country, and these can be implemented quickly. An expanded turn over N Go service, subsidies for bus operations, tax incentives on the purchase of periodical transit passes, and investment in funding of public transport authorities would make a huge difference for Malaysia.SummaryThe proposals here are relatively uninteresting and less glamorous than new LRT lines or monorails in every city that asks for one. The fact is that public transportation can be interesting and glamorous and inspiring. However, before that can all happen, there must be changes in the attitude of the government and the people.It is good to think that improved public transportation is part of the solution to traffic congestion in Malaysia. However, many people do not speak out and demand better public transportat ion, and do not actually intend to use the improved public transportation.They are missing the point. We can only have inspiring, glamorous, interesting and effective public transportation if there are changes at the government level. Once the government makes the necessary changes, creates a national public transportation strategy and a National Public Transportation Department, then we will finally be on track to a great future.a regular user of public transport, is deeply concerned that government plans to encourage the use of public transport will ultimately conk because of poor planning and lack of support from the public.5.0 CONCLUSIONEnsuring progress towards sustainable development suppose to be a priority of the Malaysian government. Transport is a particularly challenging sector. It is indispensable to modern life, but has many adverse effects on health and environment. Most transport trends are unsustainable. More effort must be put on to develop public transport because study found that using public transport can minimize the environmental pollution and impact of health to human.Although there is a lot of bad news the good news is its not too late We can implement solutions, but we need to act fast and we need our government to take the lead.